This helps the supplier to limit the number of different values that have to be produced or kept in stock. When manufacturers produce resistors with different resistance values, these end up approximately equally spaced on a logarithmic scale. The standardization of resistor values serves several important purposes. The preferred values for resistors were established in 1952, but the concept of the geometric series was already introduced by army engineer Renard in the 1870s. These standard values are also valid for other components like capacitors, inductors and Zener diodes. These are referred to as preferred values or E-series, and they are published in standard IEC 60063:1963. In 1952 the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) decided to define the resistance and tolerance values into a norm, to ease the mass manufacturing of resistors. Standard base resistor values are given in the following tables for the most commonly used tolerances (1%, 2%, 5%, 10%), along with typically available resistance ranges. Resistors and Capacitors are types of passive electronic components. The basic unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω) and capacitance is Farad.
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